No 3 (2017)

Recently, much attention is paid to the synthesis and the study of characteristics of metal nano- and microparticles (including noble ones) since they have specific properties associated with the size effect of such particles. At the same time, it is proved that the specific properties are manifested both in the nanoscale particles and in the particles of a definite form or in the materials with the high density of the defect structure. For instance, an important characteristic of catalytic particles is the existence of the maximal number of planes (111) as the most catalytically active. The producing of the materials with new and/or improved physical-and-chemical properties having wide practical significance is the long-term objective. Formerly, one-dimensional metallic structures with the diameter from several nanometers to several microns, the length of which achieved several millimeters were obtained on the metallic coatings. This paper covers the analysis of the experimental facts associated with the features of the morphology and the growth of silver needle-like microcrystals produced using the electrodeposition method. The electrodeposition was carried out according to the two-electrode sсhеme. The morphology of the produced silver microcrystals was studied by the scanning electron microscopy JEOL JСM6000. The authors determined the range of electric current density at which the silver needle-like microcrystals are produced and specified such features of silver needle-like microcrystals growth as the round tips in the form of a hook, pentagonal facet, the absence of sharp tips, cracks, and discontinuities. Moreover, on the silver needle-like microcrystals, the growth steps are observed. The authors specified possible areas of application, for example, in microscopy, as the cantilevers and probes.

The technology of synthesis of dispersed-hardened composites is based on the use of the process of mechanical alloying (MA) of powder materials. Mechanical alloying allows creating the active states in a matrix material solid body that are the centers of physical and chemical interaction between the phases of the powder compositions components. The paper gives the overview of Russian and foreign publications dealing with the study of the MA process of aluminum powder with various forms of carbon. The authors developed the basic MA technology of PAD-1 aluminum matrix powder with K 354 technical carbon. The processes of aluminum powder MA with graphite and CNTs, both in the part of the developed MA regimes and in the part of providing high physical and mechanical characteristics of synthesized composite pellets being a semi-finished product for producing composite materials (CM), were studied. The authors determined the main stages of formation of aluminum-based powder compositions in the process of MA of aluminum powder with allotropic carbon modifications. The paper shows the results of the analysis of phased change (phased evolution) of the morphology of the processed powder mixtures of a matrix material and an alloying additive during the formation of composite pellets with the required physical and mechanical parameters.

The results of X-ray diffraction analysis of the composite pellets alloyed with K 354 technical carbon and GL-1 graphite at different stages of their formation and processing showing the achievement of the required transformation of their internal structure and phase composition are presented.

The authors analyzed special aspects of the process of mechanical alloying of PAD-1 aluminum powder with the TUBALL single-wall carbon nanotubes and justified the necessity of searching for methods and technologies of preliminary (just before the MA process) homogenization of the PAD1-TUBALL processed mixture.

The hydrostatic extrusion method as a type of intensive plastic deformation is an effective way to improve the mechanical properties of metals and alloys. The improvement of mechanical properties is generally a result of the structure dispersing and the increase of dislocation density. A large number of works consider the influence of deformation on the structure and mechanical properties of metals and alloys. However, literature pays far less attention to the study of physical characteristics of a material strengthened by means of intensive plastic deformation. Such investigations are necessary to develop nondestructive physical methods of diagnostics of such materials state. The authors carried out the study of high-carbon steel structure using the methods of scanning and transmission electron microscopy and performed mechanical tensile tests and a number of magnetic measurements. It is shown that the extruding causes the dispersing of U8A high-carbon steel structure. When extruding, the cellular, fragmented and submicrocrystalline structures are formed in ferrite constituent of steel perlitic structure in the conditions of dynamic recovery, continuous dynamic and post-dynamic recrystallization, causing the dislocation density reduction in a grain body under the true strain more than 1.62. With the growth of true strain, strength characteristics of U8A steel change monotonically: ultimate resistance increases twice, and conventional yield strength – by 3.6 times. It is established that the structure dispersion exerts the prevalent influence on strength characteristics, and the dislocation density plays the minor role. Unlike the mechanical characteristics, the coercive force, the maximum magnetic permeability, the residual induction and the elastic waves propagation speed are more sensitive to the dislocation density changes.

High requirements for biochemical and biomechanical compatibility are applied to the promising alloys to be used as materials for intraosseous implants. Among other things, it involves a number of properties ensuring the accelerated and smooth process of implantation into the bone tissue, as well as its reliable fixation and prevention of implant rejection. Favorable mechanical behavior can be achieved due to the similarity of mechanical properties of an implant and the bone tissue. During the deformation, the bone tissue manifests the mechanical hysteresis. Among the metallic materials, superelastic shape memory Ti-20.8Nb-5.5Zr (in at. %) alloy demonstrates the similar mechanical behavior. However, the higher Young’s modulus of this alloy ensures its biomechanical compatibility insufficiently. Due to the creation of a porous structure, it is possible to decrease radically Young’s modulus. For this purpose, a powder with spherical particles of less than 50 μm in size was produced from the ingot of this composition. Then the powder was uniformly mixed with the blowing agent – the polymethylmethacrylate powder (PMMA) in the form of spherical particles no greater than 250 μm. The mixture of powders was subjected to the double-action compacting and subsequent pyrolysis. In the pyrolysis process, the polymer component was decomposed into gaseous components. As the result of pyrolysis, a porous semi-product was produced from the metallic powder with pores. To strengthen metal particles bonds, the sintering was performed. The final porosity was achieved in the samples by varying the volume ratio of the blowing agent.

It is established that the pre-defined porosity is close to the resulting porosity and the pores are distributed homogeneously within the volume. When increasing the porosity, Young’s modulus decreases, the permeability coefficient increases, and the strength characteristics decrease. At the same time, the calculated mechanical characteristics of samples of various porosities remain within the permissible limits of biomechanical compatibility.

Using the scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive microanalysis, and the X-ray diffraction analysis methods, the authors studied the structure and phase composition of Ti-Nb system powders produced in the result of mechanical mixing and alloying of components in the AGO-2C high-energy planetary ball mill. Based on this study and the study of reference data about physical and mechanical properties of these powders, the authors developed the phenomenological model of Ti and Nb interaction in the process of mechanical alloying. The powders were mixed in the ratios of Ti-40 mas % Nb and Ti-50 mas % Nb during 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes in the mill water-cooled vial. Depending on the treatment time, the shape, size, particles surface morphology, and the powders phase composition are changed. When changing the mixing time from 5 to 20 minutes, the particles are formed, which size varies in the range of 2–100 µm. When mixing during 25 minutes, the powder is granulated. In the process of mixing and alloying, the mechanocomposite consisting of two phases’ grains – the supersaturated solid solution of α-Ti and β-TiNb is formed. When mixing during 20 minutes, Ti-40 mas % Nb alloy components dissolved completely into each other and one β-TiNb non-equilibrium phase is formed. When mixing Ti-45 mas % Nb powder, the single-phase state is achieved in 15 minutes. The proposed phenomenological model of the process of Ti and Nb mechanical alloying involves two stages of initial components interaction and the β-TiNb metastable solid solution formation. Producing of Ti-Nb system single-phase alloys using mechanical alloying and understanding the principles of their formation expands the feasibility of application of these materials for the production of medical implants.

The authors discovered the lack of literature sources on the structure and mechanical-and-physical properties of copper alloys with the palladium content of less than 10 at. %. It is determined that in the “copper corner” of the common Cu-Pd phase diagram, the temperature-concentration boundary between the disordered FCC-phase and the ordered L1₂-type phase was drawn without the relevant experimental support. At the same time, these alloys are attractive as the basis for the development of high-strength conductive materials.

The authors studied the evolution of the structure, microhardness, and specific electrical resistivity in the process of prolonged annealing of the Cu-8at.%Pd alloy. The increase of microhardness and specific electrical resistivity of pre-deformed samples after thermal processing at 250 °C and 300 °C was detected. It is shown, that the prolonged low-temperature annealing of the alloy with slow cooling leads to the increase of its specific electrical resistivity. The authors conclude that all the observed anomalies of properties are explained by the formation of the ordered L1₂ phase nuclei in the deformed matrix. The results of the study confirm that the preliminary deformation accelerates significantly the processes of atomic ordering. However, the rate of atomic ordering is extremely low: to determine a new phase using the structural methods, the low-temperature annealing for several months is necessary.

Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the critical temperature of the order-disorder phase transformation in the alloy under the study is approximately 340 °C. Since the temperature boundary of phase transformation for the alloy of tested concentration was drawn on the common Cu-Pd phase diagram at 400 °C, the authors concluded as well, that the “copper angle” on phase diagram needs to be refined.

The influence of ultrasonic mechanical activation on the amorphous alloys is practically unstudied. The influence of ultrasound on crystallization of TiNi-based amorphous alloy ribbons, their structure and properties formation has not been investigated up to the present moment. Being in the crystalline state, TiNi-based amorphous alloys experience the thermoelastic martensitic transformations, which are the basis for manifestation of unusual mechanical properties – shape memory effect. Amorphous shape memory alloys are the advanced materials that experience thermoelastic martensitic transformations after crystallization. Such materials are used as the basis for the creation of crystalline materials with the specified parameters of crystalline structure or for producing the amorphous and crystalline composites. The goal of this work is the study of ultrasonic mechanical activation influence on the crystallization kinetics and martensitic transformations of an amorphous shape memory alloy using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method. The ultrasonic mechanical activation was carried out using two methods: in the waveguide of longitudinal ultrasonic vibrations and in the ultrasonic anvil. During the first method of the ultrasound mechanical activation, the amorphous ribbon was fixed in the waveguide of longitudinal vibrations and experienced ultrasonic irradiation of various durations. To initiate ultrasonic vibrations, the authors used the UZDN-2T ultrasonic low-frequency dispergator with the frequency of 22 kHz. During the second method, the amorphous ribbon is placed horizontally and the vertically placed waveguide is applied using contact process. Such method is used for the surface strengthening of metals and alloys. To initiate the ultrasonic vibrations, the authors used the UZG 1-1 ultrasonic generator. Ti₅₀Ni₂₅Cu₂₅ amorphous ribbons were selected as a subject of the study. Calorimetric measurements were carried out using the Mettler Toledo 822e differential scanning calorimeter. The obtained data showed that in the result of ultrasonic mechanical activation, temperatures and energies of crystallization and martensitic transformations change that can be the evidence of size reduction of a crystalline phase grain.

The application of finishing frictional treatment provides the effective strain hardening and the increased wear resistance combined with the high quality of austenitic Cr-Ni steels treated surface. However, the surface deformation treatment may cause the corrosion properties decrease because of the presence of strain-induced α´-martensite in the metastable austenitic steel surface layer. In this paper, the authors used the methods of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, microhardness testing, and optical profilometry to study the influence of the temperature of nanostructuring frictional treatment with the sliding indenter on the structure, phase composition, hardening and surface quality of 12Kh18N10T metastable austenitic steel. It is shown that frictional treatment in the temperature range from –196 to +250 °C provides close levels of austenitic steel hardening when the efficiency of the strain-induced martensitic g®a´ transformation in the steel surface layer is strongly dependent on the loading temperature. Frictional treatment at the room and subzero temperatures forms the high quality 12Kh18N10T steel surface with the low values of roughness parameter (Ra=75–120 nm). The elevated temperatures lead to the seizure and growth of Ra to 180–270 nm. It is determined that after the frictional treatment, in the thin surface layer of steel, the fragmented submicrocrystalline and nanocrystalline structures of strain-induced α´-martensite (at the loading temperature of T=−196 °C) and austenite (at Т=+250 °C), as well as two-phase martensitic-austenitic structures (at Т=+20 °C) are formed.

The relevance of the issue under the study is associated with the rapid development of the modern economy. Constant extension of the range of offered goods and services leads the entrepreneurs to the necessity to mark off qualitatively a product from a number of similar ones. In this regard, it becomes relevant to study the process of nomination in the field of advertising and economic discourse. The paper considers the process of functioning of onomastic vocabulary in the sphere of economic nomination. The author gives the review of scientific literature on the study of this problem, analyzes the definitions used to identify the totality of names in this segment of onomastics, and makes a distinction between the concepts of “pragmatonym” and “global pragmatonym”. The basis of the study is the advertising campaign of the NafNaf trademark. The paper justifies the term “global pragmatonym” in relation to this brand; analyses the communicative emotiveness of the NafNaf trademark, its linguistic specificity, and the expressive component in the pragmatonym’s semantics. The academic novelty of the work is in the study of economic nomination based on the application of secondary nomination of the onyms. The author makes arguments proving that the choice of the name of the company NafNaf is connected with the precedent name (the name of one of the characters of children’s fairy tale about three piglets) and considers the process of secondary nomination of the onyms when the literary zoonym becomes a pragmatonym by means of transonymization. The results of the research indicate the large potential of the onomastic vocabulary (literary zoonyms) when implementing the process of nomination in the sphere of economy. The precedent basis of the NafNaf brand allows making the name easy to remember and moreover serves as a qualitative basis for creating the advertising messages for a prospective buyer.

The research subject of the paper is violations of a quantity maxim of the Cooperative Principle developed by Paul Grice which result in failure of discourse of concord formation. The Cooperative Principle means that communicative contribution of communicants should correspond to the shared purpose of conversation at each stage of communication. Discourse of concord is an open discourse process aimed at solving social interaction tasks for creating integrated intentional horizons and searching for the shared context of interpretation. Willingness of the speaking subject to collaborate with an addressee, intention to follow the Cooperative Principle impact the adequacy and correctness of interpretation of illocutionary intentions of the speaking subject and formation of discourse of concord. The research object is utterances of legal discourse practices. Research material is Russian and English texts of courtroom dialogues available at websites, manual records of court TV shows, literary works, and lawyer-client dialogues at online legal forums. The author argues that following the Cooperative Principle suggests that the speaking subject aims to transfer information, and the addressee aims to perceive it in an efficient way. In that case, discourse interaction is a cooperative activity of communicants who have a shared purpose, i.e. discourse of concord. Violations of a quantity maxim are due to the differences in intentional horizons, as communicants solve different tasks of social interaction. They contribute to discourse of differences which can evolve into a conflict if the communicants do not aim at achieving specific purposes.

The study is based on effective methods of cognitive linguistics to study concept in the system of language. Speech realization of the concept in a literary text is examined as determined in its functions by an author’s idea, genre and style of the text. The research is a timely development of a modal framework notion for a work of literature, which enabled to describe verbalization of the concept as a system of semantic, formal and functional characteristics. The study confirmed that science-fiction novels from the series “Dune” by Frank Herbert are characterized by philosophical depth and complexity of language, while the concepts “garden” and “desert” play the key role in creating ideological and esthetic contents of the novels.

The paper contains analyses of the concepts on various levels of the literary text. It is noted that a concept can be examined at the level of language verbalization, at the levels of the text, the hypertext and literary discourse, while concepts are represented on phonetic, lexical and syntactic levels of the language. Concepts in a literary text have a cohesive hypertext function and provide the dialogue of the writer and the reader in literary discourse. The basis of concept realization in F. Herbert’s science-fiction was linguistic and stylistic analysis, referring to the broader context. Research discloses hypertext function of the concept in the literary text to provide communication of the reader and the writer in the literary text.

It is discovered that the cultural component of the text of novels is closely connected with verbalization of concepts. Analyses disclosed opposition of the concepts providing the principle of reader’s choice. The study showed that the writer models reader’s perception of heroes and events of novels by creating axiological modality. The paper brings forth conclusions about F. Herbert’s values experiments, the role of the reader in creating the system of values and the connection of axiology with epistemic and deontic modalities semantics.

The paper studies the social and political realia which describe peculiarities of the court system of medieval China in Robert Hans van Gulik’s detective stories “The Chinese Maze Murders”, “The Chinese Bell Murders” and in their translations into Chinese and Russian. The author makes comparative analysis of the originals and their translations into Chinese (“迷宫案”, “铜钟案”) and into Russian (“Murder in the labyrinth”, “Murder on the Crescent Street”). The socio-political realia have been insufficiently studied, especially those describing the court system of China, as well as the ways of their translation into the Chinese and Russian languages. The purpose of this paper is to identify and review lexical units which reflect the main national and cultural peculiarities of the court system in medieval China in the original texts and their translations into Chinese and Russian, as well as the ways of translation by means of a particular translation method. To achieve this purpose, the author analyzes the English-language realia describing the court system of China and the ways of their transfer to the Chinese and Russian languages. To translate the realia from English into Chinese and Russian such translation techniques are used as adding and omitting.