No 1 (2018)

Full Issue

Technical Sciences

COMPUTER SIMULATION OF STRUCTURAL DEFECTS IN MONOCRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS ALUMINUM

Goncharova E.V., Konchakov R.A., Makarov A.S., Khonik V.A., Kobelev N.P.

Abstract

The paper covers the study of microscopic mechanisms of melting of metals and the structural relaxation of metallic glasses. Despite the extensive efforts and numerous important results obtained in this field, this task does not have a generally accepted final solution. One of the main issues is the microscopic nature of structural defects in metallic glasses – the nanosized regions, which are responsible for the evolution of their physical properties under the external influence.

The interstitialcy theory (IT) proposed by Granato provides the advanced interpretation of nature of such defects. The interstitialcy theory is based on the unique hypothesis of the interstitialcy mechanism for melting of metals and associates heat effects in the glass with the shear elasticity of a maternal crystal.

The experimental study and computer simulation of the diaelastic effect near the melting temperature Tm of crystalline aluminum provided a strong evidence of the avalanche generation of interstitial dumbbells near Tm. In this work, the authors carried out the computer simulation to check the presence of interstitial dumbbells (or similar atomic structures) in the solid glassy state produced in the result of melt- quench.

The computer simulation shows that the amorphous aluminum produced by rapid melt quenching contains a significant number of “defects” similar in their properties to the interstitial dumbbells in the crystalline state. Although these “defects” do not have any well-defined uniform topological structure, unlike the defects of crystal, and they can be exactly identified by their basic properties – high sensitivity to shear stresses and typical low/high-frequency peculiarities of the spectrum of the vibrational density of states of the “defective” atoms.

Using the methods of molecular dynamics and statics, it is shown that the solid non-crystalline aluminum contains the specific atomic configurations similar to the interstitial dumbbells in the crystalline state, which can be considered as the amorphous structure “defects”.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):11-16
pages 11-16 views

THE BEHAVIOR OF SINTERED ALUMINUM BRONZE DURING PRESSURE TREATMENT

Gurskikh A.V.

Abstract

Sintered aluminum bronzes are widely used in mechanical engineering. However, they are inferior in strength to their cast analogs.

It is known that sintered materials demonstrate the decrease in mechanical properties due to the residual porosity that occurs during the sintering process. To eliminate the previously mentioned deficiencies, the post-compaction operation combined with shaping is used.

The application of additional compaction of sintered materials is associated with certain difficulties since the density of the pressed sample is increased only by reducing its area with the increment of the load on a tool, or by heating the workpiece up to the temperature noticeably reducing the strength of the pressed material. In such a case, it is possible to oxidize the material in open pores. After the collapse of the pores, further material deformation is impossible and the value of tested deformation can be insufficient for the substantial study of the structure within the entire volume of sintered material.

In the present work, the influence of temperature on the behavior of single-phase Cu-15 at. % Al and two-phase Cu-24 at. % Al compositions during the compression of sintered bronze is studied.

It is determined that the transformation of the structure of sintered bronzes should be carried out at the temperature not lower than 500 °C when the deformation begins to be distributed relatively uniformly within the volume of the samples.

However, it is recommended to get rid of open porosity in advance by processing at low temperatures. The degree of deformation should not exceed 30 % in height. The exceeding of this deformation value leads to the sample destruction.

It is shown that during the high-temperature upsetting, the initial structure of sintered bronze is destroyed by means of grinding that increases the strength of the material.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):17-23
pages 17-23 views

TWO-COMPONENT COATINGS WITH A DEVELOPED SURFACE AND NANOSCALE STRUCTURE

Denisova A.G., Vikarchuk A.A.

Abstract

In recent times, more attention is paid to the scientific development of catalysts intended for the solution of the environmental problems. First of all, it is associated with the fact that, every year, the essential increase of the environmental pollution is observed. The Huge ecological loss is caused by the wastewater dumped to reservoirs. One of the dangerous toxic pollutants of wastewater is the ethylene glycol, which is a part of the deicers applied at the airports.

The destructive technologies that include catalytic oxidation are considered the advanced methods of wastewater treatment from organic pollutants. The heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of organic pollutions of water requires the creation of the effective catalysts consisting of several components. 

In this paper, the authors proposed a technique for producing copperzinc coatings with a nanoscale structure and a different percentage content of their components. Using the electrodeposition method, the copper-zinc coatings of two types were produced. The scanning electronic microscopy, the X-ray spectral and X-ray phase analysis and the method of lowtemperature gas adsorption were used to study morphology, phase and element structure and the specific surface of copper-zinc coatings. It is shown that such coatings consist of copper crystals and zinc plates of nanoscale thickness and have high specific surface area. It is noted that the increase of zinc concentration in the coating causes the morphology change and expands the specific surface area. The paper presents the results of preliminary studies of the catalytic activity of the developed material when decomposing ethylene glycol in the presence of ozone/oxygen mixture, which even at this stage showed the level of purification of wastewater from ethylene glycol from 64 to 78 %.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):24-29
pages 24-29 views

THE STUDY OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF SUPERLASTIC Ti-Nb ALLOYS IN A MODEL PHYSIOLOGICAL SOLUTION UNDER THE CYCLIC LOADING

Korobkova A.A., Kazakbiev A.M., Zhukova Y.S., Prokoshkin S.D., Filonov M.R.

Abstract

The replacement of bone tissue is one of the most important issues of medicine, as evidenced by the ever-increasing volumes of relevant markets. The more and more advanced requirements are imposed on the materials for  the intrabone implants. For many years, the titanium-based alloys are widely used as a material for biomedical implants due to their unique combination of properties: high strength, low hardness and density, high corrosion resistance, and bio-compatibility. One of the most common reasons for the implant’s breakage is the corrosion-fatigue failure. Thus, the corrosion and electrochemical studies in the conditions simulating the finished product mode are of great practical importance.

The aim of this paper is the comparison of the electrochemical and corrosion behavior of Ti-22Nb-6Zr superelastic alloy and the commercially used pure titanium under the simulated conditions of service of loadbearing bone implants in the solution simulating the bone tissue environment. Free corrosion potential was measured on wire samples in the 0.9 % NaCl physiological solution (B. Braun, Germany) when applying bending load (maximum induced strain is 1.5 % with  the cyclic frequency of 0.9 Hz) until the sample failure. The study shows that the Ti-22Nb-6Zr alloy is better in terms of corrosion-fatigue behavior compared to pure Ti. In particular, it possesses the higher free corrosion potential values and its passive oxide film is more resistant to the impact of cyclic loading; consequently, the alloy possesses the longer fatigue life and the number of cycles until the implant’s failure is much greater.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):30-35
pages 30-35 views

THE POSSIBILITIES OF PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERTERS POWER ASCENSION BY THE MODIFICATION OF THEIR SURFACES BY SILVER NANOCLUSTERS

Kuvshinov V.V., Krit B.L., Morozova N.V., Kukushkin D.Y., Savkin A.V.

Abstract

The authors carried out the analysis of the operating modes of photoelectric converters used for solar stations and intended for work both as a part of a unified energy system and for individual consumers needs. It is determined that to increase power characteristics of solar stations photocells, it is very efficient to apply solar concentrators of special de-signs. At the same time, it complicates the equipment significantly, as it is associated with the necessity to equip photoelectric station with the additional systems of tracking and positioning against the sun. In this paper, to concentrate solar irradiation, the authors offered to use the modifying of the photocells receiving surface by depositing a coating of silver nanoparticles produced by the pulse spark dispergation method. The results of the experiments showed that silver nanoclusters deposited on the surface and playing the role of plasmonic particles promote the increase in the number of photons participating in the photoelectric process at the constant stream of incident solar radiation. It allowed improving considerably power characteristics of the regular photoelectric converters used when assembling the industrial photoelectric modules for network power plants. The increase in the nanocoated photocells power grew by an average of 20 %, at the same time, even in the case of lateral incidence of solar irradiation on their working surface, the photoconverters power characteristics were close to the theoretical values, unlike the solar elements without coating. 

The data obtained will promote the improvement of indices and the increase of efficiency of photo-energy plants and devices of different purpose not increasing the area of their receiving surface that will widen significantly the sphere of solar power plants application.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):36-42
pages 36-42 views

THE STUDY OF FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE OF WELDED JOINTS OF STEELS APPLIED FOR ARCTIC STRUCTURES

Markadeeva A.Y., Ilyin A.V., Gusev M.A.

Abstract

The tests to estimate the CTOD (crack tip opening displacement) fracture toughness parameter for the metal of heat-affected zone (HAZ) of welded joints at the minimum operating temperatures (−30...−50 °С) are the mandatory element of the Programs of tests conducted under the supervision of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping (RМRS) to get the approval for the metallurgical production of heavy gauge rolled steel intended for manufacturing the Arctic shelf marine facilities and ice-going vessels. 

The paper studies fracture toughness of heat-affected zones of welded joints of high-resistance shipbuilding steels applied when producing arctic structures. Current experience of such testing revealed a number of both the procedural and criterial issues. In particular, it is practically impossible to carry out HAZ tests without partial penetration of the fatigue crack front to the weld with the low fracture toughness due to the curvature of weld joint fusion line. The statistically representative volume of data on the fracture toughness of welded joints of high-resistance shipbuilding steels was collected.

The authors carried out the metallographic analysis of samples, which detected the actual penetration of the initial fatigue crack tip to the welded joint zone. Based on the data obtained, the authors carried out the analysis of the significance of some factors influencing the result obtained and the predictability of actual fracture toughness of local embrittled zones.

The algorithm of indirect evaluation of “actual” fracture toughness of the coarse grain HAZ metal based on the testing results of specimens made of weld metal, base metal and the statistically representative number of specimens notched along the HAZ is proposed in this paper. It is determined that the “actual” fracture toughness of HAZ is sufficiently lower than the one obtained when testing according to the standard methods.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):43-51
pages 43-51 views

THE TECHNIQUE OF CALCULATING THE PARAMETERS OF THE PROCESS AND SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE CONDENSER WELDING

Nescoromniy S.V., Panov Y.V.

Abstract

The necessity to manufacture metal structures from non-ferrous metals in one- and heterogeneous combinations is the critical task at the production site. The main constraints when welding fasteners to hull details from non-ferrous metals are the polythickness of the elements leading to uneven heat input and heat dissipation, the difference in electrical and thermophysical properties, as well as the probability of intermetallic phases’ formation due to the mutual diffusion of atoms of the near-surface layers during the dissolution processes and phase transformations.

The analysis of the structural design of equipment components and the difficulties in their production showed that it is necessary to form the welded joint mainly in the solid phase using the highly-concentrated pulsed energy sources. To create physical contact of the parts to be connected, high-voltage capacitor welding with the induction-dynamic drive (HVCW with IDD) can best meet the requirements.

The authors proposed the technique to calculate the parameters of the process of welding fasteners from non-ferrous metals to the hull structures sheet elements. The essence of the process of HVCW with IDD was considered. The paper presents its energy parameters and geometric parameters of the assembly affecting the quality of the welded joint.

The previous theoretical analysis of the HVCW process, the experimental studies and design investigations of the HVCW devices allowed developing a scientifically grounded algorithm for calculating and selecting the parameters of the technological process and the equipment for its implementation. The algorithm provides for two stages of its implementation. At the first stage, the temporary options of the process are calculated. At the second stage, the parameters of the equipment and tools satisfying the condition of solid-phase volume interaction are calculated and selected. Based on the data obtained, the selection of equipment components with the tooling and the subsequent adjustment of welding parameters taking into account the course of the processes in solid phase are carried out.

To reduce the complexity of calculations, software that will allow determining the parameters of the HVCW process, the energy and frequency characteristics of equipment and tooling was developed.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):52-59
pages 52-59 views

THE FORMATION OF NANOCRYSTALLINE MARTENSITE ON A WORKING SURFACE OF TOOL STEEL IN THE CASE OF ABRASIVE WEAR

Nikiforova S.M., Filippov M.A., Ozerets N.N.

Abstract

The most common type of mechanical wear the machines and aggregates of mining, construction and road industries and transport are exposed to is the abrasive wear. The development of new wear-resistant materials and modes of thermal treatment against this type of wear is one of the most important issues of material science. Wear-resistant materials within various conditions of mechanical wear should have a structure with the metastable austenite developing into disperse austenite while in operation. 

The paper studies the influence of structural changes on a working surface on the wear resistance of H12ML steel during the process of production, thermal treatment and abrasive wear of parts. 

It is determined that when quenching from temperatures of 850–1000 °C, the martensite is formed in the structure of high-chromium H12ML steel that ensures high hardness, however, maximum wear resistance is not achieved within  the abrasive wear conditions. The rise of heating temperature for the following quenching up to 1170 °C causes the decrease in the initial hardness that is associated with the carbides solution and the increase in the retained austenite quantity; however, it is accompanied by the significant increase of wear resistance during the abrasive wear. The retained austenite produced in the result of high-temperature quenching (from 1170 °C) is metastable and develops into deformation marten-site during wear process; it results in the maximum wear resistance of steel due to the high capacity for frictional hardening of a working surface. Martensite formed on a working surface of H12ML steel during the abrasive wear process has the nanocrystalline structure and periodic distribution.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):60-66
pages 60-66 views

THE APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS FOR ENHANCING THE STRENGTH OF DISSIMILAR JOINTS PRODUCED BY FRICTION STIR WELDING

Rzaev R.A., Chularis A.A., Dosimov A.S., Naumov A.A., Zotov O.G.

Abstract

The technology of production of dissimilar joints is associated with the difficulties due to the differences of their thermophysical and other properties and special aspects of the process of joints’ formation. The application of friction stir welding (FSW) technology is the solution to the problem of weldability of bimetallic joints. The paper covers the study of mechanical properties of butt, butt-lap and lap joints of AD1 aluminum and M1 copper alloys, AD1 aluminum alloys and alloyed steels (12H18N10T), AD1 aluminum and OT4-1 alloys.

The subject of the analysis is the design of the edges of parts welded with FSW and the stage-by-stage analysis of the process of formation of butt, lap, tee, and combined joints of copper with aluminum based on the welding modes parameters. The paper analyzes the factors affecting the strength of dissimilar joints of the AD1 aluminum and M1 copper alloys produced with FSW. The influence of the geometry of the prepared edges of parts on the formation of the defect-free and consistent welded joints is studied. The authors showed promising directions of constructive design for various versions of butt joints (butt-lap joints: 30...600 bevel joint, fish-mouth joint, mortise joint) by means of the enlargement of actual contact area of the parts when subjected to loadings of normal or tangential stresses as opposed to the traditional ones operating within the pure tear conditions. The paper gives the results of the static tension tests, recommends the design-engineering techniques aimed at the improvement of the conditions and the activation of the process of formation of the adhesive dissimilar joints. The metallographic research of the welded joints’ macrosections showed the possibility to produce the defect-free welds with the complete weld root penetration; the mechanical tests of the butt, combined and lap joints proved the high level of full strength of dissimilar joints.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):67-76
pages 67-76 views

THE INFLUENCE OF AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENT AND ELECRO-IMPULSE IMPACT ON FATIGUE CHARACTERISTICS OF METALLIC GLASS

Fedotov D.Y., Fedorov V.A., Yakovlev A.V., Pluzhnikova T.N., Berezner A.D.

Abstract

The authors carried out the fatigue tests for the tension of metallic glass tape samples by the load varying in time from some maximum value to minimum, in a constant-sign cycle with the frequency of 2 Hz. In the device construction, five sets of elastic elements with different stiffness coefficients are designed. For the elastic elements, the calibration graphs were constructed, according to which the stress in the sample was determined by the displacement value. Characteristic features of the development of fatigue cracks in the samples of cobalt-based amorphous alloys and iron-based nanocrystalline alloy were determined. The study determined the area of the fatigue crack nucleation, its growth and the break area. It is identified that the viscous destruction with the formation of densely spaced microtights takes place in the area of crack initiation, and in the area of the fatigue crack growth, its development similar to a cleavage with the formation of the developed “venous pattern” and the densely spaced shear bands formed when fatigue cracks stop occurs. The pop-in magnitude is 0.2-0.5 pm. In the break area, the crack propagates viscously, irregularly, with the formation of localized plasticity areas at the stops. For the samples, Weller curves are plotted and the fatigue limits are defined.

The authors carried out the investigations of the aggressive environments influence and the pulsed electric current preliminary impact on the fatigue properties of the amorphous metal alloys. It is determined that the samples, after the action of a pulsed current or an aggressive environment, are destroyed during fewer loading cycles relating to the initial samples. It is noted that the Co content in the samples under the study slightly influences the fatigue properties.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):77-82
pages 77-82 views

THE INFLUENCE OF THERMAL PROCESSING ON THE STRUCTURE AND WEAR-RESISTANCE OF PERLITE-CLASS STEELS

Filippov M.A., Yagudin G.А., Legchilo V.V., Estemirova S.K.

Abstract

From the ecological point of view, high-manganese austenitic steels of 110G13L type are undesirable in the production because of the high emission of manganese oxides to the atmosphere while melting in the electric arc furnaces, gas-oxygen cutting, and welding operations. Another disadvantage of steels of this class is their low initial hardness, which causes the revet closing capacity of the working parts of castings under the conditions of dynamic loads. Moreover, these steels are poorly machinable.

The paper presents the results of the comparative study of the relationship between the structure formed in the process of heat treatment and the abrasive wear resistance of steels of two structural classes - high-manganese austenitic 110G13L steel and the 70H2GSML perlite-class steel. The wide use of 110G13L steel for the production of parts operating under the impact-abrasive wear and the repetitive contact-impact force is caused by the ability for high friction hardening of stable manganese austenite with low energy of packaging defects combined with the good impact strength. The disadvantages of 110G13L steel are the high quenching temperature, poor environmental performance and economic reasons that make it necessary in some cases to replace it with the perlite steels. The study of wear resistance of 70H2GSML perlite-class steel depending on the tempering temperature after normalization showed that this steel could be used for the casting of replaceable cast parts for crushing-milling equipment operating under the abrasive action without significant impact loads after normalization and high tempering. The wear resistance of samples made of 70H2GSML steel with the secondary sorbite structure, when testing steady abrasive, makes 55-60 % of level provided by samples of 110G13L steel, however, the lower cost, manufacturability and the environmental problems in some cases can settle the issue in favor of the application of perlite steel. The additional reserves to increase the wear resistance of 70H2GSML steel involve the quenching at high temperatures due to the formation of the structure of retained austenite that, in the process of abrasive wear, transforms into deformation martensite on the working surface increasing the steel’s friction hardening ability.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):83-89
pages 83-89 views

THE STUDY OF INFLUENCE OF MILLISECOND LASER IRRADIATION ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF A THERMO-ACTIVATION ZONE FOR Zr-Cu-Ag-Al BULK AMORPHOUS ALLOY

Shlykova A.A., Fedorov V.A., Gasanov M.F., Yakovlev A.V.

Abstract

From the moment of their creation, the amorphous metallic alloys draw special attention because of their perfect physicochemical properties such as high strength, low Young’s modulus, and the corrosion resistance. Nowadays, there are several ways for producing bulk metallic glasses but the specimens’ size is limited. Thus, for industrial application as the construction elements, it is necessary to have the technologies of the creation of quality weld joints, using laser beam welding in particular. Moreover, the surface laser treatment is the advanced technology to improve the mechanical properties of amorphous metallic alloys. Herewith, in both cases, the physics of the processes taking place does not vary and their understanding is necessary for the improvement of laser processing, which is a crucial task.

In this paper, the authors studied the influence of laser irradiation on the surface of Zr46(Cu4/5Agy5)46Al8 alloy. The specimen was exposed to the impact of a single laser millisecond impulse (3 ms) with the energy of 3J. The investigation was carried out by the methods of field emission microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and the numerical modeling of temperature fields induced by laser irradiation was performed by the COMSOL Multiphysics 5.2 software package.

In the center of a crater, the nanocrystals built into amorphous matrix were detected. By the numerical data, it was established that the cooling rate observed in the experiment should not lead to the crystallization. This may be caused by atomic oxygen founded in the surface layer. The authors detected as well that the oxygen radial distribution is inversely related with the radial interface velocity. The assumption was made that the control over cooling conditions and the atmosphere allows receiving the preliminary determined crystalline structures on the amorphous metallic alloys surface that will improve their (amorphous metallic alloys) mechanical properties.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):90-97
pages 90-97 views

THE INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE STRUCTURE AND PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM

Shlyarov V.V., Zagulyaev D.V., Gromov V.E.

Abstract

With the development of modern technologies, a growing number of plants forming magnetic fields around themselves appear. Since most of the structures and mechanisms operate under the mechanical stresses leading to the de-struction, the study of metals behavior under the external energy conditions is necessary to analyze their operational life. 

To carry out the study, it was decided to use commercial-purity A85 aluminum as a research material. Since at present aluminum dominates the non-ferrous metals market and is widely used in machine building, electrical industry and tool engineering, industrial and civil construction, etc., the issue of modifying this material is very topical.

In this paper, the authors study the influence of weak magnetic fields up to 0.5 T on the structure and deformation char-acteristics of aluminum for the possibility of plasticizing the material and further application of this technology in the pro-duction, as well as for deeper study of theoretical part of this phenomenon and the construction of theory on the influence of magnetic fields on physical and mechanical properties of paramagnetic metals.

During the study, it is found out that the effect of the magnetic field influence is not unambiguous: the creep rate both increases reaching the maximum value at 0.1 T, and slows down reaching the minimum value at 0.5 T. We can note that during the experiments, it became possible to plasticize the material under investigation by influencing it with the magnet-ic field. The distributions of the grain structure of samples destroyed under the creep conditions with and without the mag-netic field superposition are unimodal and can be described by a lognormal law.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):98-104
pages 98-104 views

Гуманитарные науки

STRUCTURING THE FIELD OF ZOONYMS WITH THE “PIG” ARCHISEME IN RUSSIAN DISCOURSE

Vasilieva O.A.

Abstract

The scientists’ attention is constantly drawn to the field approach to the language study. However, the issues of structuring units of one of the central onomastic categories (zoonyms) within the field concept in the Russian linguistics are not thoroughly considered. In this paper, zoonyms are studied as a productive onomastic category. As a basis for the research, field theory was chosen. The paper gives a brief overview of research on the field issue in linguistics, analyzes the terminology of the field concept, specifies the features of the onomastic field structure, and shapes the field of zoonyms which nominates a pig in Russian discourse. The basis of the study is onomastic units of a real zoomicon in the field of animal husbandry; zoonyms, which name characters of literary works and television projects; zoonyms, which acquired a secondary nomination in the texts of Russian, discourse (journalistic, pedagogical, advertising, artistic, and anecdotal). All onomastic units denoting pigs and piglets in the texts of Russian discourse are structured according to the field principle: nuclear, central and peripheral elements are distinguished. The scientific significance of the work is the construction of the onomastic zoonyms field with a “pig” archiseme as an ordered set of proper names with a designation of system-structural relations and connections. Conditions are considered under which a process of transition of zoonyms from one zone of a field to another is possible. The obtained research results indicate that the chosen scientific paradigm is optimal for the study of onomastic vocabulary.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):107-112
pages 107-112 views

DAILY LIFE OF RURAL RESIDENTS OF THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST IN THE PERIOD OF “LATE” SOCIALISM

Grinko A.A.

Abstract

The paper presents the daily life of rural residents of the Soviet Far East in the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s - in the period of so-called “late” socialism. Rural daily life is analyzed through the prism of nation-wide trends and their manifestations at the regional level. It is noted that the contradictory results of the state policy towards the Soviet village and the eastern part of the country found a specific manifestation in the life of local residents. On the one hand, the living standards of the villagers were improving: their income was increasing, social infrastructure was developing, and opportunities for varied leisure time activities were created. On the other hand, the real life did not correspond to the level officially declared by the authorities and was not close to the urban standard of living, and that, to a certain extent, demonstrated the inferiority of the village and its inhabitants. Two things were essential - the traditional way of rural life and the increasing difference in views on everyday life on the part of people of different ages. The author pays special attention to the reasons which contributed to the transformation of the daily life of that period. In particular, there is an increase in the labor activity of rural women, the gradual transformation of children from helpers into dependents, and the older generation becoming self-sustaining and living isolated. The conclusions are drawn that negative processes in the dynamics of daily life of rural Far Eastern people were combined with positive ones; in general, a skeptical attitude to rural daily life was formed in the society by the mid-1980s as well as the desire to move in any possible way to the urban environment.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):113-118
pages 113-118 views

STYLISTIC ADEQUACY OF METAPHORICAL ITEMS’ TRANSLATION IN A.I. SOLZHENITSYN’S NOVEL “THE GULAG ARCHIPELAGO” AND ITS TRANSLATIONS INTO ENGLISH (TH. P. WHITNEY, 1974) AND GERMAN (A. PETURNIG, 1974)

Kurbanov I.A., Salo V.E.

Abstract

The paper considers the specifics of adequate translation of the metaphors used in the work “The Gulag Archipelago” by A.I. Solzhenitsyn. In the given case, an object of the analysis is the work of literature “The Gulag Archipelago” by A.I. Solzhenitsyn as well as its English and German translation made by Thomas P. Whitney (1974) and Anna Peturnig (1974) consequently. The subject of the research is the metaphors used by the author to produce the image of the Soviet reality of that time in comparison to its translations both into English and German languages. The paper analyzes the relevance of the applied techniques of metaphors’ translation on the subject of retaining expressive and emotional connotations.

The paper emphasizes the significance of accurate interpretation of the implicit meaning of a metaphor to achieve the adequate translation to the most extent. The authors pay attention as well to adequate translation of implicit metaphor meaning due to the opportunity of using some different much more expressive metaphorical models enabling to make dialogue with the targeted readers much more open and efficient. The analysis of the adequacy of the translations of the selected metaphors allows identifying the common and distinctive characteristics of the world images of the addresser and the addressee who are the representatives of the American and German linguocultures. These are the distinctive characteristics that cause hardly surmountable obstacles for a translator while translating metaphorical items. The analysis of practical data showed that in most cases a loan translation of metaphors results in the emotional and expressive losses which affect their objective comprehension as the connotations are the key factor helping to complete the image of the depicted item or phenomenon in the recipient’s mind.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):119-124
pages 119-124 views

THE CONCEPT OF A NORM AND ITS VARIABILITY IN THE LITERARY LANGUAGE (ON THE BASE OF AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGE)

Samedov E.S.

Abstract

The paper studies the issue of the concept of a norm in the literary Azerbaijani language. The definition of language norm is given, and its leading role in speech culture is deduced. The author identifies the specifics of literary language and pays attention to the language ability to change in the process of evolution of the society and a human. The influence of dialects and borrowings on the formation of linguistic norms is indicated. Three types of norms of literary language are considered in detail: phonetic, lexical, and grammatical. Within the phonetic norm, the norms of pronunciation and spelling norms are considered, the causes of variability arising within the speech process are indicated. The author analyzes the examples of lexical norm violations and their consequences for the language and considers the significant aspects of the grammatical norm, in which the morphological and syntactic norms are distinguished as well. The aspect is taken into account that the syntactic norms regulate the formation of word-combinations and sentences, and that, within the word-combinations format, this norm is divided into three parts: concord, adjunction, and government. The author studies the issue of proper arrangement of words in a sentence, gives various examples where the words take intentionally the incorrect place in its structure in order to perform a certain function. The role of classification of norms of literary language for understanding the processes of change taking place in it is determined. From the above materials, the author concludes that due to the norm, the language becomes clear and the most effective tool for communication since the norm, keeping the speech traditions, meets the actual needs of public speech.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):125-129
pages 125-129 views

THE TYPOLOGY OF POPULATION OF SAMARA REGION ACCORDING TO THE PARTICIPATION IN THE ECOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

Tsvetkova I.V.

Abstract

The relevance of the study is caused by the necessity to solve environmental issues basing on the participation of the population in various types of ecological activity. The concept of ecological activity is understudied in the modern science. Probably, it is caused by the fact that the ecological activity is closely related to various types of social activity of people. The paper emphasizes the theoretical approaches to the study of ecological activity, analyzes the peculiarities of philosophical, social-ecological, and sociological approaches.

It is determined that in the restrict sense the ecological activity is considered as an effective utilization of natural resources. Generally, the ecological activity is understood as a tool of harmonization between nature, engineering systems and the society. The author concludes that the background of ecological activity is the ecological culture values, which focus the activity on the protection of natural environment.

The paper emphasizes the necessity to analyze social aspects of the ecological activity. They are implemented in the creation of safe, comfortable living environment based on the effective ecological control. The author proves the conclusion that the ecological activity is an important factor in the sustainable development of civilization.

The theoretical theses served as the methodological basis for the empirical study. The object of the study is the population of Samara region. The paper identified the specific character of participation in the ecological activity of different groups of the population. In the result of the cluster analysis, the differences between three social groups according to the specificity of attitude to the ecological norms and values are determined. The author concludes that the activeness of participation in the types of ecological activity demonstrates the level of the ecological culture.

The results of the questioning indicate that the most differences can be traced in the attitude of the participants of questioning to the implementation of ecological norms, to the activities on the environmental amenities. The results of the questioning demonstrate the contradictions between the activeness of participation in the ecological activity and t he environmental awareness. The conclusion is made that the gaps in the formation of the ecological culture are manifested in the level and orientation of the ecological activity of the population.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):130-136
pages 130-136 views

PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF SPECIALISTS AS IT IS UNDERSTOOD BY EMPLOYEES OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND STUDENTS

Shcherbakova A.I.

Abstract

The paper studies the problem of professional competence and professional competencies as the basis for the successful performance of a specialist and the goal of a university graduate. Such concepts as “professional competence” and “professional competency” are defined, and the criteria for distinguishing these concepts are given. A short review of Russian and foreign literature which studies this problem is presented. Current scientific, methodological and practical issues of professional competence of specialists and graduates of higher educational institutions are considered with the emphasis on the role of vocational education in their development. The main scientific goal of the sociological research is to identify the degree and peculiarity of understanding the competence by university employees, teachers, and students.

The paper analyzes the results of the sociological study that characterizes understanding by university teachers and students of the competence and its role in improving the efficiency and quality of education. The results of self-assessment of the professional qualities performed by employees as respondents are analyzed. The research is aimed at studying public opinion and their understanding of the concept of professional competence, as well as its dependence on universities and higher education in general.

The main problem of the low level of professional competence is the ignorance of employees and students in the problem under consideration and, as a consequence, low interest in their development. The author specifies a number of professional competencies included in the research list. The list of literature includes works of the recent decade and presents researches carried out by the most authoritative and well-known scientists in the field of sociology of management, and psychology.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2018;(1):137-144
pages 137-144 views

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